Nível de iluminação em Unidades Neonatais, segundo manejo do ambiente e mobiliário / Nivel de iluminación en unidades neonatales, según el manejo del ambiente y del mobiliario / Lighting level in Neonatal Units according to environment and furniture management

Resumo Objetivo Identificar os níveis de iluminação em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais que realizam ou não períodos de manejo ambiental, segundo tipos de mobiliários, e indicar qual a condição que promove melhor ambiente ao recém-nascido, com relação à iluminação. Métodos Estudo transversal, descritivo e de correlação. A amostra foi composta pela mensuração da iluminância dentro de incubadora, incubadora com fotoproteção e berço de acrílico, posicionados segundo a proximidade da luz natural. As medições com luxímetro ocorreram a cada 60 segundos durante 24 horas ininterruptas por posição, em duas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal iluminadas por luz natural e luz artificial incandescente, uma que não realiza o manejo ambiental (Instituição A) e outra que realiza por períodos de uma hora, quatro vezes ao dia (Instituição B). Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes de Mann Whitney, Friedman e de Nemenyi. Resultados Os níveis de iluminação apresentaram grande variação conforme o período do dia e o tipo de mobiliário (mín=0;máx=889 lux), sendo superiores nos berços de acrílico. As posições distantes da fonte de luz natural não proporcionaram menores níveis de luz. A fotoproteção sobre as incubadoras propiciou menor exposição à luz. Os valores médios de iluminância em todas as posições consideradas na instituição A foram significativamente maiores, quando comparados à instituição B, demonstrando a eficácia da prática do manejo do ambiente (p<0,05). Conclusão A combinação do uso da proteção escura sobre a incubadora e do manejo do ambiente proporciona a melhor condição de iluminação para os recém-nascidos em unidades neonatais.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar los niveles de iluminación en unidades de terapia intensiva neonatales que realizan o no realizan períodos de manejo ambiental, según el tipo de mobiliario, e indicar qué condición promueve mejor ambiente al recién nacido, con relación a la iluminación. Métodos Estudio transversal, descriptivo y de correlación. La muestra estuvo compuesta por la medida de la iluminancia dentro de la incubadora, incubadora con foto protección y cuna de acrílico, posicionados según la proximidad de la luz natural. Las mediciones con luxómetro se realizaron cada 60 segundos durante 24 horas ininterrumpidas por posición, en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales iluminadas por luz natural y luz artificial incandescente, una que no realiza el manejo ambiental (institución A) y otra que la realiza por períodos de una hora, cuatro veces al día (institución B). Para el análisis de los datos fueron utilizados las pruebas de Mann Whitney, Friedman y de Nemenyi. Resultados Los niveles de iluminación presentaron gran variación conforme el período del día y el tipo de mobiliario (mín=0; máx=889 lux), superiores en las cunas de acrílico. La posición distante de la fuente de luz natural no proporcionó menores niveles de luz. La foto protección sobre las incubadoras propició una menor exposición a la luz. Los valores promedio de iluminancia en todas las posiciones consideradas en la institución A fueron significativamente más altos al compararlos con los de la institución B, lo que demuestra la eficacia de la práctica del manejo del ambiente (p<0,05). Conclusión La combinación del uso de la protección oscura sobre la incubadora y el manejo del ambiente proporciona una mejor condición de iluminación para los recién nacidos en unidades neonatales.

Abstract Objective To identify the lighting levels in neonatal intensive care units that perform environment management or not according to types of furniture, and indicate which condition promotes the best environment for the newborn in terms of lighting. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study. The sample was composed by measuring the illuminance inside an incubator, an incubator with protection from light and an acrylic crib positioned according to proximity of natural light. Measurements with a luxmeter took place every 60 seconds for 24 uninterrupted hours per position in two neonatal intensive care units lit by natural light and artificial incandescent light, one where environment management is not performed (Institution A) and the other where environment management is performed for one-hour periods, four times a day (Institution B). The Mann Whitney, Friedman and Nemenyi tests were used for data analysis. Results The lighting levels showed great variation according to the period of the day and type of furniture (min=0; max=889 lux), and were higher in acrylic cribs. Positions far from the natural light source did not provide lower light levels. Protection over the incubators provided less exposure to light. The mean illuminance values in all positions considered in institution A were significantly higher compared to institution B, demonstrating the effectiveness of the environment management practice (p<0.05). Conclusion The combination of the use of dark protection over the incubator and environment management practices provides the best lighting condition for newborns in neonatal units.

Quasi-Experimental study of effects of lighting on rest, activity and melatonin in postpartum women / Estudo Quasi-Experimental dos efeitos da iluminação no repouso, atividade e melatonina em puérperas / Estudio cuasiexperimental de los efectos de la iluminación em reposo, actividad y melatonina em mujeres posparto

ABSTRACT Objectives: to compare the parameters of the activity/rest cycle of early postpartum breastfeeding women under a controlled and uncontrolled long wavelength ray light regimen. Methods: quasi-experimental study with breastfeeding women and their babies during postnatal rooming-in, São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were allocated to either an experimental (intervention) or a comparison group. The intervention involved exposure of the woman in a controlled room with artificial long wavelength ray light at night. Each woman's level of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin at 24 hours and activity/rest times was analyzed. Results: the mean activity/rest times of women in the experimental and comparison groups were similar. The mean percentages of total load of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin during the day and night were similar (p=0.09). At 24 hours, the experimental group presented a significantly lower mean percentage of total load compared to the comparison group (p=0.04). Conclusions: women who stayed in the room with long-wavelength artificial light showed no difference in activity/rest and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels in the early postpartum period.

RESUMO Objetivos: comparar os parâmetros do ciclo de atividade/descanso de puérperas lactantes no início do pós-parto sob regime de iluminação com raios de comprimento de onda longo controlado e descontrolado. Métodos: estudo quase-experimental com lactantes e seus bebês em alojamento conjunto, São Paulo, Brasil. Os participantes foram alocados para grupos experimental (intervenção) ou de comparação. A intervenção consistia na exposição em uma sala controlada com iluminação artificial de raios de comprimento de onda longo à noite. Foram analisados os horários de atividade/repouso (horas) e nível de 6-sulfatoximelatonina em 24 horas. Resultados: a atividade média e os tempos de repouso das mulheres nos grupos experimental e comparação foram semelhantes. Os percentuais médios de volume total de 6-sulfatoximelatonina durante o dia e a noite foram semelhantes (p=0,09). Em 24 horas, o grupo experimental apresentou percentual médio significantemente menor de volume total em relação ao grupo comparação (p=0,04). Conclusões: as mulheres que permaneceram no quarto com luz artificial de comprimento de onda longa não apresentaram diferenças nos níveis de atividade/repouso e 6-sulfatoximelatonina no início do período pós-parto.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comparar parámetros del ciclo actividad/descanso en madres lactantes en posparto temprano bajo régimen lumínico de rayos de longitud de onda larga controlado y no controlado. Métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental con madres lactantes y sus bebés, São Paulo, Brasil. Las participantes fueron asignadas a grupos experimental (intervención) y comparación, consistente en exposición en habitación controlada con luz artificial de rayos de longitud de onda larga durante la noche. Se analizaron tiempos de actividad/descanso (horas) y nivel de 6-sulfatoximelatonina a las 24 horas. Resultados: actividad media y tiempos de descanso fueron similares en grupos comparación e intervención. Porcentajes promedio de volumen total de 6-sulfatoximelatonina durante día y noche resultaron similares (p=0,09). A las 24 horas, el grupo intervención presentó porcentaje promedio de volumen total significantemente menor comparado con grupo comparación (p=0,04). Conclusiones: las mujeres expuestas a luz artificial de longitud de onda larga no mostraron diferencias en niveles actividad/descanso y 6-sulfatoximelatonina durante el posparto temprano.

Sistema de estimulación y registro del movimiento ocular con el empleo de la videoculografía infrarroja / System of stimulation and record of the eye movement with the use of infrared videoculography

El análisis de los movimientos oculares permite diagnosticar enfermedades neurodegenerativas, neuropsiquiátricas y neurooftalmológicas, entre otras, que afectan el desempeño social del individuo. En este análisis ha tomado auge mundial el empleo de la videoculografía, por su simplicidad estructural, exactitud y factibilidad económica a largo plazo. Al respecto, el objetivo de la actual investigación fue desarrollar y evaluar un sistema de estimulación visual y registro de los movimientos oculares. El sistema en cuestión permitió obtener imágenes oculares con buena resolución (2 megapíxeles), nitidez y contraste que facilitaron su posterior procesamiento. De igual modo, las pruebas de estimulación mediante el uso de patrones sacádicos con amplitudes entre 30º y 60º a la frecuencia de 0,5 Hz permitieron obtener con suficiente calidad las imágenes registradas y verificar que los movimientos oculares del centro de la pupila siguen fielmente a dichos patrones.

The analysis of eye movements allows to diagnose neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric and neuroophthalmologic diseases, among other that affect the individual social performance. In this analysis the use of videoculography is gaining in importance worldwide, due to its structural simplicity, precision and long term economic feasibility. In this respect, the objective of this investigation was to develop and evaluate a system of visual stimulation and record of the eye movements. The system in question allowed to obtain ocular images with good resolution (2 megapixels), clarity and contrast that facilitated its later processing. In a same way, the tests of stimulation by means of the sacadic patterns use with amplitudes between 30º and 60º to the 0,5Hz frequency allowed to obtain with enough quality the images recorded and to verify that the eye movements of the pupil center follow these patterns very closely.

Psychological individuation and spiritual enlightenment: some comparisons and points of contact.

In his writings on individuation Jung often references Eastern religions and philosophies such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism. This essay discusses differences and similarities between analytical psychology's concept of individuation, especially in its advanced stages, and enlightenment as expressed in such texts as Zen (Chan) Buddhism's Ten Ox-Herding Pictures. I advance the argument that important common features can be found while cultural differences must also be respected. There is here a convergence between West and East that can foster dialogue and mutuality.

The image and the meaning of the Chinese character for 'enlightenment'.

This article explores the significance of the image of the Chinese character for 'enlightenment'. The oracle bone script form for 'enlightenment' is comprised of the symbol for the 'true self' and the symbol for the 'heart'. In Chinese Taoist philosophy, the true self is close to Tao, a concept akin to that of the self in Analytical Psychology. The combination of the 'self' meeting with the 'heart' conveys both the aspect of inspiration and of profound meaning. The paper is composed of three parts in order to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of this Chinese character: 1) an exploration of the image and meaning of the character; 2) an exploration of the link between the self and enlightenment; and 3) reflections on the relationship between insight and enlightenment. The image of this Chinese character contains not only what enlightenment is, but also the way to enlightenment and the meaning of the way.

Baixa luminosidade em sala de parto: vivências de enfermeiras obstétricas / Baja luminosidad en la sala de parto: vivencias de enfermeras obstétricas / Low light in delivery room: obstetric nursing's experiences

Resumo OBJETIVO Compreender as vivências de enfermeiras obstétricas que atenderam ao parto em ambiente com baixa luminosidade. MÉTODOS Estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo. Realizou-se entrevista com oito enfermeiras obstétricas, em um hospital municipal de São Paulo, entre dezembro de 2015 e março de 2016. Os dados foram analisados por análise temática de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. RESULTADOS Foram apreendidas três temáticas: 1- Benefícios atribuídos à baixa luminosidade em sala de parto; 2- Dificuldades atribuídas à baixa luminosidade em sala de parto e 3- Efeitos da baixa luminosidade sobre a atuação do profissional. CONCLUSÕES A baixa luminosidade pode tornar o parto mais tranquilo e aumentar a atenção ao momento vivido pela mulher e seu bebê, proporcionando autonomia para a mulher e atendimento humanizado por parte da equipe. Surgiram como dificuldades, a dinâmica de trabalho do setor e a falta de familiaridade com o método, por parte de alguns profissionais e parturientes.

Resumen OBJETIVO Comprender las vivencias de enfermeras obstétricas que atendieron al parto en ambiente con baja luminosidad. MÉTODOS Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo. Se entrevistaron ocho enfermeras obstétricas en un hospital municipal de San Pablo, entre diciembre de 2015 y marzo de 2016. Se realizó un análisis temático de contenido propuesto por Bardin. RESULTADOS Se revelaron tres temáticas: 1- Beneficios atribuidos a la baja luminosidad en la sala de parto; 2- Dificultades atribuidas a la baja luminosidad en la sala de parto y 3- Efectos de la baja luminosidad sobre la actuación del profesional. CONCLUSIONES La baja luminosidad puede hacer el parto más tranquilo y aumentar la atención al momento vivido por la mujer y su bebé, proporcionando autonomía a la mujer y atención humanizada por parte del equipo. Surgieron como dificultades la dinámica de trabajo del sector y la falta de familiaridad con el método por parte de algunos profesionales y algunas parturientas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To understand the experiences of obstetric nurses accomplishing the delivery under a low light environment. METHODS Qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study. An interview was carried with eight obstetrical nurses at a municipal hospital in São Paulo between December 2015 and March 2016. Data was analyzed using content thematic analysis proposed by Bardin. RESULTS Three themes were studied: 1- Benefits attributed to low light in the delivery room; 2- Difficulties attributed to low light in the delivery room and 3- Effects of low light on the performance of the professional CONCLUSIONS Low light may facilitate the delivery and increase attention to the moment experienced by the woman and her baby, providing autonomy for the woman and humanized care on the part of the team. The sector's work dynamics and the lack of familiarity with the method have emerged as difficulties, on the part of some professionals and parturients.

Physiological Effects of Blue Pulsed LED in an Indoor Lighting Environment / Efectos Fisiológicos de Luz LED Azul Intermitente en un Ambiente de Iluminación en Interiores

Abstract Purpose: An experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological effects of a continuous blue pulsed light emitting diode (BP-LED) added to a task lamp in an actual indoor lighting environment and its influence in alertness having as a final purpose to develop a commercial product that could be applied in situations similar to those depicted in the present work. Design methodology: Previous research studies have stated that the addition of pulsed light evokes physiological changes that may induce alertness. The participants were exposed to four different lighting conditions. Electroencephalograms (EEG), pupil sizes, heart rates (HR), performance tests, and subjective reactions were measured. Findings: Low colour temperature light and the BP-LED revealed an improved alertness according to the data from the EEG recordings. The intervention of the BP-LED in a high colour temperature ambiance was beneficial in maintaining high levels of alertness compared to the conditions where the BP-LED was not used. It was tested that the use of a BP-LED in a task lamp may be beneficial in improving or maintaining alertness levels in an indoor workplace ambiance. Originality and Value: Designing of an adequate workplace task lamp light that improves alertness for in-house, office, or classroom situations in which it is essential.

Resumen Propósito: Un experimento fue llevado a cabo para investigar los efectos fisiológicos que una luz azul LED pulsada de manera intermitente (BP-LED), adicionada a una lámpara de escritorio, y en un ambiente interior; pueda influir en el estado de alerta de una persona con la finalidad de desarrollar un producto comercial que pueda ser aplicado para los casos desarrollados y otros posibles escenarios. Metodología de Diseño: En estudios anteriores se establece que la adición de luz en pulsaciones evoca cambios fisiológicos que pueden inducir al estado de alerta. Los participantes experimentaron cuatro escenarios de iluminación. Se registraron mediciones con respecto a encefalografía (EEG), tamaño pupilar, ritmo cardiaco, prueba de performance, así como evaluación subjetiva. Hallazgos: Los datos de EEG revelaron un mayor estado de alerta durante la exposición a iluminación cálida aunado a luz BP-LED. La intervención de luz fría y BP-LED denotó ser benéfica en el nivel de estado de alerta en comparación con las condiciones donde el BP-LED no intervino. Se logró evaluar que el uso de BP-LED en una lámpara de escritorio puede ser benéfico para mejorar o mantener el estado de alerta cuando sea usado en un espacio interior. Originalidad y Valor: Propuesta para diseñar una luminaria de escritorio; para uso casero, laboral o de estudio; que mejore el estado de alerta de las personas.

Evaluación de la exposición a campos electromagnéticos de radiofrecuencia en ámbitos académicos / Exposure assessment of radiofrecuency electromagnetic fields in academic areas

Introducción: Las radiaciones no ionizantes no poseen el nivel de energía requerido para producir ionización en los tejidos o causar daño al DNA, pero pueden generar efectos térmicos y no térmicos en la salud de los seres humanos que son actualmente motivo de estudio y discusión. Gran parte de la actividad cotidiana en ámbitos académicos se desarrolla bajo la influencia de innumerables radiaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar y determinar el nivel de exposición a las radiaciones no ionizantes en ámbitos académicos de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Metodología: Las mediciones fueron realizadas mediante el instrumento marca Narda® NBM 550 con sonda de medición isotrópica en la banda de 100 kHz a 3 GHz. Se realizaron mediciones exteriores (outdoor) en diferentes facultades de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. En la facultad de Ciencias Médicas se efectuaron mediciones interiores (indoor). En esta última se seleccionaron tres ambientes para determinar las principales fuentes de emisión. Resultados: Los valores máximos obtenidos de las mediciones se encontraron por debajo del valor máximo permitido de 0,2 mW/cm2. En la facultad de Ciencias Médicas se realizaron mediciones específicas en dos lugares de alto tránsito y uno de varias horas de permanencia en el lugar de exposición. El procesamiento de los datos reveló que las mediciones específicas a 20 cm de los artefactos eléctricos de iluminación fueron superiores al máximo permitido. Discusión: Si bien los resultados de las mediciones exteriores realizadas en los diversos ámbitos académicos se encuentran dentro de los valores permitidos, es recomendable que las mediciones se efectúen en forma anual, además de instalar fuentes de bajas emisiones

Introduction: Non-ionizing radiation does not have the level of energy required to produce ionization in tissues or cause DNA damage, but can generate thermal and non-thermal effects on human health that are currently the subject of study and discussion. Much of the daily activity in academic areas is performed under the influence of innumerable radiations. Objective: Evaluate the exposure levels to non-ionizing radiation in academic and sensitive areas in different faculties of the National University of La Plata, Argentina. Methodology: The measurements were made using the Narda® NBM 550 instrument with an isotropic measurement probe in the 100 kHz band at 3 GHz. Seven exterior measurements were taken (outdoor) in different Faculties: In the Faculty of Medical Sciences internal (indoor) measurements were made. Of the latter, three environments were selected to determine the main sources of emission. Results: The maximum values obtained from the external and internal measurements were found below the maximum value of 0.2 mW / cm2. At the Faculty of Medical Sciences, specific measurements were made on two sites of high circulation and on one of several hours of permanence at the place of exposure. Data processing revealed that the specific measurements at 20 cm of the electric lighting fixtures were higher than the maximum allowed. Discussion: It can be inferred that although the results of the external measurements made in the different academic fields are within the allowed values, it is recommended that the measurements be made annually and the use of low emission sources

La iluminación como agente físico negativo en un servicio estomatológico / Illumination as negative physical agent in a stomatological service

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 59 trabajadores que se encontraban laborando físicamente en el Servicio de Estomatología del Policlínico Docente Julián Grimau de Santiago de Cuba, desde julio de 2015 hasta igual mes de 2016, con el fin de identificar la iluminación como agente físico negativo en el ambiente laboral. En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino (93,2 por ciento), el grupo etario de 50-54 años (23,7 por ciento), los estomatólogos generales integrales (44,0 por ciento), así como el departamento de Ortodoncia y Periodoncia como el de menor iluminación. Por otra parte, 81,4 por ciento de los trabajadores estaban expuestos a esta problemática y 93,8 por ciento presentaban afecciones oculares. Se evidenció que la iluminación deficiente encontrada en todos los departamentos del mencionado centro resulta perjudicial para la salud de los profesionales de la estomatología(AU)

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 59 workers that were physically working in the Stomatological Service of Julián Grimau Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from July, 2015 to the same month in 2016, with the purpose of identifying the illumination as negative physical agent in the working environment. In the series there was a prevalence of the female sex (93.2 percent), the 50-54 years age group (23.7 percent), the comprehensive general dentists (44.0 percent), as well as the Orthodontics and Periodontics department as that of less illumination. On the other hand, 81.4 percent of the workers were exposed to this problem and 93.8 percent presented ocular disorders. It was evidenced that poor illumination found in all the departments of the mentioned center is harmful for the stomatology professionals health(AU)

La iluminación como agente físico negativo en un servicio estomatológico / Illumination as negative physical agent in a stomatological service

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 59 trabajadores que se encontraban laborando físicamente en el Servicio de Estomatología del Policlínico Docente Julián Grimau de Santiago de Cuba, desde julio de 2015 hasta igual mes de 2016, con el fin de identificar la iluminación como agente físico negativo en el ambiente laboral. En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino (93,2 por ciento), el grupo etario de 50-54 años (23,7 por ciento), los estomatólogos generales integrales (44,0 por ciento), así como el departamento de Ortodoncia y Periodoncia como el de menor iluminación. Por otra parte, 81,4 por ciento de los trabajadores estaban expuestos a esta problemática y 93,8 por ciento presentaban afecciones oculares. Se evidenció que la iluminación deficiente encontrada en todos los departamentos del mencionado centro resulta perjudicial para la salud de los profesionales de la estomatología

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 59 workers that were physically working in the Stomatological Service of Julián Grimau Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from July, 2015 to the same month in 2016, with the purpose of identifying the illumination as negative physical agent in the working environment. In the series there was a prevalence of the female sex (93.2 percent), the 50-54 years age group (23.7 percent), the comprehensive general dentists (44.0 percent), as well as the Orthodontics and Periodontics department as that of less illumination. On the other hand, 81.4 percent of the workers were exposed to this problem and 93.8 percent presented ocular disorders. It was evidenced that poor illumination found in all the departments of the mentioned center is harmful for the stomatology professionals health

Seabird mortality induced by land-based artificial lights.

Artificial lights at night cause high mortality of seabirds, one of the most endangered groups of birds globally. Fledglings of burrow-nesting seabirds, and to a lesser extent adults, are attracted to and then grounded (i.e., forced to land) by lights when they fly at night. We reviewed the current state of knowledge of seabird attraction to light to identify information gaps and propose measures to address the problem. Although species in families such as Alcidae and Anatidae can be grounded by artificial light, the most affected seabirds are petrels and shearwaters (Procellariiformes). At least 56 species of Procellariiformes, more than one-third of them (24) threatened, are subject to grounding by lights. Seabirds grounded by lights have been found worldwide, mainly on oceanic islands but also at some continental locations. Petrel breeding grounds confined to formerly uninhabited islands are particularly at risk from light pollution due to tourism and urban sprawl. Where it is impractical to ban external lights, rescue programs of grounded birds offer the most immediate and employed mitigation to reduce the rate of light-induced mortality and save thousands of birds every year. These programs also provide useful information for seabird management. However, these data are typically fragmentary, biased, and uncertain and can lead to inaccurate impact estimates and poor understanding of the phenomenon of seabird attraction to lights. We believe the most urgently needed actions to mitigate and understand light-induced mortality of seabirds are estimation of mortality and effects on populations; determination of threshold light levels and safe distances from light sources; documentation of the fate of rescued birds; improvement of rescue campaigns, particularly in terms of increasing recovery rates and level of care; and research on seabird-friendly lights to reduce attraction.

Estudio del desempeño atencional en niños en aulas con diferentes acondicionamientos lumínicos / Study of attentional performance in children in classrooms with different lighting conditions

Resumen La iluminación es una de las características físicas más críticas en un espacio de aprendizaje. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar mediante dos instancias experimentales el desempeño atencional en una tarea de detección de detalles monocromáticos en aulas bajo diferentes condiciones de iluminación, contemplando las variables de temperatura de color correlacionada (TCC: 6500 ºK - 4000 ºK) e iluminancia horizontal (Eh: 300 lx - 500 lx). El diseño experimental empleado fue un experimento intra-sujetos y la muestra estuvo compuesta por 34 alumnos entre 8 y 9 años. Se administró el Test CARAS-R para evaluar eficacia (EA), eficiencia (FA) y rendimiento atencional (RA). Los resultados evidencian diferencias en la FA (Z= -2.470; p= .013) y RA (Z= -2.385; p= 0.16) de los niños, según las condiciones de TCC. No se registraron diferencias en atención en función de Eh. Promover diseños de acondicionamientos lumínicos eficientes en las aulas es un modo de favorecer el desempeño cognitivo de sus ocupantes.

Abstract Lighting is one of the most critical physical characteristics in a learning space. This paper aims to evaluate by two experimental instances attentional performance in a detection task related to monochrome details in classrooms under different lighting conditions, considering correlated color temperature variables (CCT: 6500 ° K - 4000 ° K) and horizontal illuminance (Ehor: 300 lx - 500 lx). The experimental design was a within-subject design experiment and the sample consisted of 34 students between 8 and 9 years old. CARAS-R Test was administered to assess efficacy (EA), efficiency (FA) and attentional performance. In attentional efficiency (Z = 2470, p = .013) and attentional performance (Z = 2385, p = 0.16) of children, significant differences in the conditions of CCT were observed. No differences in Ehor occurred. It was found that providing efficient lighting designs in the classroom may promote its occupants cognitive performance.

A Strange Fire: an exploration of psycho-spiritual development aided by Jungian analysis and Vedanta.

This paper explores the process of psychological and spiritual development through a series of active imaginations arising from the author's 'psycho-spiritual quest', a process of transformation in which the individual progressively frees themselves from the ego's identifications and may be afforded a vision of the 'self as consciousness', as described by Vedanta. The author describes how this quest was facilitated by the disciplines of Transcendental Meditation, Jungian analysis and Vedanta, and how these three disciplines can work together to foster psycho-spiritual development. The paper aims to de-mystify the actual experiences that can accompany these practices. The records of these active imaginations, tracing some key stages in this process, are then presented, with a commentary by Marcus West, linking them to Jung's concepts of ego and Self and recent understandings of consciousness and ego development. There is a discussion of Jung's conceptualizations of the ego and the Self and his rejection of the Vedantic understanding of the Self as consciousness. These views are then explored and a reconciliation is suggested through the understanding of the process of disidentification where the difference between Jung's view of the Self and that of Vedanta is understood to be due to the extent of disidentification from the contents of consciousness.

[Nursing interventions on the physical environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Units]. / Intervenciones enfermeras sobre el ambiente físico de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales.

The objectives of this study are to analyse nursing interventions regarding noise and lighting that influence neurodevelopment of the preterm infant in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. A review of the literature was performed using the databases: Cuiden Plus, PubMed, IBECS and Cochrane Library Plus. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were established in accordance with the objectives and limits used in each database. Of the 35 articles used, most were descriptive quantitative studies based on the measurement of sound pressure levels and lighting in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The countries included in this study are Brazil and the United States, and the variables analysed were the recording the times of light and noise. Based on the high levels of light and noise recorded in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units, nursing interventions that should be carried out to reduce them are described. The evidence indicates that after the implementation of these interventions, the high levels of both environmental stimuli are reduced significantly. Despite the extensive literature published on this problem, the levels of light and noise continue to exceed the recommended limits. Therefore, nurses need to increase and enhance their efforts in this environment, in order to positively influence neurodevelopment of premature newborn.

Caracterización del ambiente físico en viviendas Petrocasas en el Asentamiento Simón Bolívar de Cienfuegos 2008-2009 / Characterization of the physical environment in petrohouses from the village of Simón Bolívar in the province of Cienfuegos 2008-2009

En varios asentamientos del país se han construido viviendas Petrocasas de policloruro de vinilo, relleno con hormigón sobre balsa y cubierta de lámina de aluminio revestida de papel asfalto por ambas caras. El policloruro de vinilo como material de construcción resulta controversial en relación a sus efectos en la salud. Con el objetivo de caracterizar desde el punto de vista sanitario el ambiente físico en viviendas Petrocasas de Cienfuegos, fue conducido un estudio descriptivo en dos semanas seleccionadas de las estaciones seca y húmeda de 2008 y 2009. Se monitoreó factores de riesgo físico en una muestra de 6 viviendas seleccionadas según la opinión de expertos, del total de las 104 viviendas del asentamiento según su ubicación en las filas de viviendas: centro, culata de fila y fachada. Se estudió el ruido, componente magnético del campo electromagnético de baja frecuencia, iluminación natural, artificial, microclima y penetración del viento. La evaluación del monitoreo se efectuó por descriptores estadísticos, modelos de regresión, varianza y espectro de potencia bivariado con los paquetes estadísticos: SPSS v. 17,0 y Statistica v. 8,0. Durante la estación seca, la temperatura del aire es mayor en la habitación principal de viviendas con fachada al sur. En ambas estaciones, las temperaturas y humedades relativas de las viviendas son más altas que en la intemperie. Las cubiertas y paredes muestran calentamientos ante el asoleamiento. Los coeficientes de iluminación natural presentan elevadas reflexiones. Los valores del campo electromagnético son bajos. En la estación seca los niveles sonoros reflejan una contaminación acústica moderada. Concluimos que el microclima en el interior de las viviendas durante el día es inconfortable(AU)

Petrohouses have been built in several villages in the country. These houses are made of polyvinyl chloride, filled with raft concrete and covered with aluminum sheets coated with asphalt paper on both sides. The health effects of polyvinyl chloride as a construction material is a matter of controversy. With the purpose of carrying out a health characterization of the physical environment in Cienfuegos petrohouses, a descriptive study was conducted during two weeks selected from the dry and wet seasons of 2008 and 2009. Physical risk factors were monitored in a sample of 6 houses selected on the basis of expert opinion, of the total 104 houses in the village, according to their location in the rows: front, mid and end positions. The variables studied were noise, magnetic component of the low frequency electromagnetic field, natural and artificial lighting, microclimate and wind penetration. Monitoring was evaluated with statistical descriptors, regression models, variance and bivariate power spectrum, with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 and Statistica v. 8.0. In the dry season, air temperature is higher in the main room of houses with facades facing the south. In both seasons, temperature and relative humidity values are higher inside the houses than outside. Covers and walls heat up when hit by the sun. Natural lighting coefficients show high reflection values. Electromagnetic field values are low. In the dry season, sound levels show moderate acoustic contamination. It is concluded that the microclimate inside houses during the day is uncomfortable(AU)

Caracterización del ambiente físico en viviendas Petrocasas en el Asentamiento Simón Bolívar de Cienfuegos (2008-2009) / Characterization of the physical environment in petrohouses from the village of Simón Bolívar in the province of Cienfuegos (2008-2009)

En varios asentamientos del país se han construido viviendas Petrocasas de policloruro de vinilo, relleno con hormigón sobre balsa y cubierta de lámina de aluminio revestida de papel asfalto por ambas caras. El policloruro de vinilo como material de construcción resulta controversial en relación a sus efectos en la salud. Con el objetivo de caracterizar desde el punto de vista sanitario el ambiente físico en viviendas Petrocasas de Cienfuegos, fue conducido un estudio descriptivo en dos semanas seleccionadas de las estaciones seca y húmeda de 2008 y 2009. Se monitoreó factores de riesgo físico en una muestra de 6 viviendas seleccionadas según la opinión de expertos, del total de las 104 viviendas del asentamiento según su ubicación en las filas de viviendas: centro, culata de fila y fachada. Se estudió el ruido, componente magnético del campo electromagnético de baja frecuencia, iluminación natural, artificial, microclima y penetración del viento. La evaluación del monitoreo se efectuó por descriptores estadísticos, modelos de regresión, varianza y espectro de potencia bivariado con los paquetes estadísticos: SPSS v. 17,0 y Statistica v. 8,0. Durante la estación seca, la temperatura del aire es mayor en la habitación principal de viviendas con fachada al sur. En ambas estaciones, las temperaturas y humedades relativas de las viviendas son más altas que en la intemperie. Las cubiertas y paredes muestran calentamientos ante el asoleamiento. Los coeficientes de iluminación natural presentan elevadas reflexiones. Los valores del campo electromagnético son bajos. En la estación seca los niveles sonoros reflejan una contaminación acústica moderada. Concluimos que el microclima en el interior de las viviendas durante el día es inconfortable(AU)

Petrohouses have been built in several villages in the country. These houses are made of polyvinyl chloride, filled with raft concrete and covered with aluminum sheets coated with asphalt paper on both sides. The health effects of polyvinyl chloride as a construction material is a matter of controversy. With the purpose of carrying out a health characterization of the physical environment in Cienfuegos petrohouses, a descriptive study was conducted during two weeks selected from the dry and wet seasons of 2008 and 2009. Physical risk factors were monitored in a sample of 6 houses selected on the basis of expert opinion, of the total 104 houses in the village, according to their location in the rows: front, mid and end positions. The variables studied were noise, magnetic component of the low frequency electromagnetic field, natural and artificial lighting, microclimate and wind penetration. Monitoring was evaluated with statistical descriptors, regression models, variance and bivariate power spectrum, with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 and Statistica v. 8.0. In the dry season, air temperature is higher in the main room of houses with facades facing the south. In both seasons, temperature and relative humidity values are higher inside the houses than outside. Covers and walls heat up when hit by the sun. Natural lighting coefficients show high reflection values. Electromagnetic field values are low. In the dry season, sound levels show moderate acoustic contamination. It is concluded that the microclimate inside houses during the day is uncomfortable(AU)

Inter-trial effect in luminance processing revealed by magnetoencephalography / Efecto inter-ensayo en el procesamiento de iluminación revelado por magnetoencefalografía

In this study, we examined whether luminance processing in the human visual system would exhibit any history effect (i.e., inter-trial modulation) in psychophysical and magnetoencephalographic experiments. A disk was presented against a black background at various luminance levels in a randomized order. During the MEG recording, participants were instructed to rate the brightness of the disk (magnitude estimation) and to report it aloud during inter-stimulus interval. The MEG results showed that the neuromagnetic activation around 200-220 ms after the stimulus onset in the left occipito-temporal regions at a given trial was weaker when the disk luminance in the immediately prior trial was higher. An inverse inter-trial effect was also observed in the psychophysical experiment. These findings suggest that the neuromagnetic activity reflects the inter-trial modulation of luminance processing that correlates with the subjective perception of brightness.

En este estudio, se examinó si el procesamiento de iluminación en el sistema visual humano exhibie algún efecto de historia (es decir, modulación inter-ensayo) en experimentos psicofísicos y de magnetoencefalografía (MEG). Un disco se presentó contra un fondo negro en varios niveles de iluminación en un orden aleatorio. Durante el registro de MEG, los participantes fueron instruidos para clasificar el brillo del disco (estimación de magnitud) y reportarlo durante el intervalo inter-ensayo. Los resultados de MEG mostraron que la activación neuromagnetica alrededor 200-220 ms después de la aparición de estímulo en las regiones occipito-temporal izquierda en un ensayo dade fue más débil cuando la iluminación de disco en el ensayo inmediatamente antes fue mayor. También se observó un efecto inverso inter-ensayo en el experimento psicofísico. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la actividad neuromagnética refleja la modulación inter-ensayo de procesamiento de iluminación que se correlaciona con la percepción subjetiva de brillo.

Caracterización del ambiente físico en viviendas de hormigón en "La Coronela", La Habana, 2010-2011 / Characterization of physical environment in concrete houses, "La Coronela", Havana, 2010-2011

Introducción: el creciente aumento de la población ha ocasionado un déficit cuantitativo de viviendas, el cual es abordado desde diferentes soluciones constructivas. Una de ellas es la vivienda de edificios multifamiliares de hormigón, conocida como FORSA. Objetivos: caracterizar, desde el punto de vista sanitario, ambientes físicos de viviendas FORSA de edificios multifamiliares en el asentamiento "La Coronela", en La Habana. Métodos: Para lograr esta caracterización se estudiaron factores de riesgo, como el microclima, temperaturas de cubiertas y envolventes y la penetración del viento, campos de radiación no ionizante de muy baja frecuencia (ELF), clima luminoso y ruido durante una semana correspondiente a la estación húmeda del año 2010 y otra a la estación seca de 2011. Se seleccionaron nueve viviendas de edificios multifamiliares de tres y cinco plantas, ubicadas en niveles bajos y altos, con y sin aleros, y con distintas orientaciones de fachada. Resultados: existía calor moderado en las dos estaciones estudiadas, que fue algo más cálido en las viviendas de edificios multifamiliares de cinco plantas. El nivel de la vivienda y la presencia de aleros no parecieron ofrecer efecto importante en el clima interior. El viento exterior penetró poco en los interiores. El componente magnético del campo ELF no transgredió los valores guía de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La iluminación natural resultó apropiada, no así la artificial, pero los coeficientes de reflexión de pisos resultan elevados. El nivel sonoro incumplió la norma sanitaria vigente NC 26 de 2012 aplicada para nuevas urbanizaciones. Conclusiones: El ambiente interior de las viviendas FORSA del asentamiento "La Coronela" presenta un clima ligeramente inconfortable para los residentes, independientemente del nivel de la vivienda y la presencia de aleros.

Background: The growing increase in population has caused a quantitative deficit of houses which has been approached from different constructive solutions. One of these is the house of multifamily buildings made of concrete, known as FORSA. Objectives: to characterize, from a sanitary point of view, physical environments of FORSA houses of multifamily buildings in "La Coronela" settlement in Havana. Methods: to achieve this characterization, different risk factors were studied such as microclimate, cover and enclosure temperatures and wind penetration, non-ionizing radiation fields of extremely low frequency (ELF), light climate and noise during a week corresponding to the wet season of the year 2010 and another corresponding to the dry season of the year 2011. Nine houses of multifamily buildings of three and five floors were selected. They were located in low and high levels, with or without eaves and with different facade orientations. Results: there was moderate warmth in the two seasons studied, which was somewhat warmer in the houses of five floor multifamily buildings. The level of the houses and the presence of eaves seemed to offer no significant effect on the indoor climate. The external wind hardly penetrated indoors. The magnetic component of ELF field did not transgress the reference values of the World Health Organization. Natural lighting was appropriate but not the artificial one; whereas the reflection coefficients of floors were higher. The sound level breached the current sanitary standard NC 26 of 2012. Conclusions: the environment inside FORSA houses in the settlement "La Coronela" presents a slightly uncomfortable climate for residents, regardless the levels of houses and the presence of eaves.

Caracterización del ambiente físico en viviendas de hormigón en La Coronela, La Habana, 2010-2011 / Characterization of physical environment in concrete houses, La Coronela, Havana, 2010-2011

Introducción: el creciente aumento de la población ha ocasionado un déficit cuantitativo de viviendas, el cual es abordado desde diferentes soluciones constructivas. Una de ellas es la vivienda de edificios multifamiliares de hormigón, conocida como FORSA. Objetivos: caracterizar, desde el punto de vista sanitario, ambientes físicos de viviendas FORSA de edificios multifamiliares en el asentamiento La Coronela, en La Habana. Métodos: Para lograr esta caracterización se estudiaron factores de riesgo, como el microclima, temperaturas de cubiertas y envolventes y la penetración del viento, campos de radiación no ionizante de muy baja frecuencia (ELF), clima luminoso y ruido durante una semana correspondiente a la estación húmeda del año 2010 y otra a la estación seca de 2011. Se seleccionaron nueve viviendas de edificios multifamiliares de tres y cinco plantas, ubicadas en niveles bajos y altos, con y sin aleros, y con distintas orientaciones de fachada. Resultados: existía calor moderado en las dos estaciones estudiadas, que fue algo más cálido en las viviendas de edificios multifamiliares de cinco plantas. El nivel de la vivienda y la presencia de aleros no parecieron ofrecer efecto importante en el clima interior. El viento exterior penetró poco en los interiores. El componente magnético del campo ELF no transgredió los valores guía de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La iluminación natural resultó apropiada, no así la artificial, pero los coeficientes de reflexión de pisos resultan elevados. El nivel sonoro incumplió la norma sanitaria vigente NC 26 de 2012 aplicada para nuevas urbanizaciones. Conclusiones: El ambiente interior de las viviendas FORSA del asentamiento La Coronela presenta un clima ligeramente inconfortable para los residentes, independientemente del nivel de la vivienda y la presencia de aleros(AU)

Background: The growing increase in population has caused a quantitative deficit of houses which has been approached from different constructive solutions. One of these is the house of multifamily buildings made of concrete, known as FORSA. Objectives: to characterize, from a sanitary point of view, physical environments of FORSA houses of multifamily buildings in La Coronela settlement in Havana. Methods: to achieve this characterization, different risk factors were studied such as microclimate, cover and enclosure temperatures and wind penetration, non-ionizing radiation fields of extremely low frequency (ELF), light climate and noise during a week corresponding to the wet season of the year 2010 and another corresponding to the dry season of the year 2011. Nine houses of multifamily buildings of three and five floors were selected. They were located in low and high levels, with or without eaves and with different facade orientations. Results: there was moderate warmth in the two seasons studied, which was somewhat warmer in the houses of five floor multifamily buildings. The level of the houses and the presence of eaves seemed to offer no significant effect on the indoor climate. The external wind hardly penetrated indoors. The magnetic component of ELF field did not transgress the reference values of the World Health Organization. Natural lighting was appropriate but not the artificial one; whereas the reflection coefficients of floors were higher. The sound level breached the current sanitary standard NC 26 of 2012. Conclusions: the environment inside FORSA houses in the settlement "La Coronela" presents a slightly uncomfortable climate for residents, regardless the levels of houses and the presence of eaves(AU)

La comunidad orquideológica en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Rosario, Cuba

The orchid community in the Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Rosario, Cuba. The Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Rosario is located in Western Cuba and two different areas can be characterized: one for tourism and forestry activities, El Taburete (ET), and the other for conservation and research, El Salón (ES). With the aim to know the effect of visitation activities on the orchid community in the Reserve, a comparative study between the disturbed area and the preserved one was undertaken. The field work, held between 2004-2005, consisted on four transects in each locality (10x100m, 0.1ha). For each transect, the existing orchid species (terrestrial and epiphytic), kind of phorophytes, and level of occupation were identified. Different analysis were considered: dominance-diversity, Sorensen similarity, the dominance index and the relative abundance of the most abundant species. Our results showed 27 phorophytes species, 20 species in ET (98 phorophytes), and 16 species in ES (76 phorophytes). A total of 22 genus, 26 species and 8 326 individuals of orchids were identified. In ET, 17 genus, 18 species and 5 075 individuals were found, while for ES were 15 genus, 18 species and 3 251 individuals. Both locations have a similarity of species of 57.14%. Oeceoclades maculata, an invasive species, was the most abundant. The most dominant species were Microchilus plantagineus in ES and O. maculata in ET. The dominance in ET was of 81.79%, while in ES of 69.27%. It is important to sketch management plans focused on controlling O. maculata in both areas, and the restoration of the disturbed area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1805-1812. Epub 2011 December 01.

Teniendo en cuenta la escasez de estudios previos que permitan apreciar el efecto de la antropización sobre las comunidades de orquídeas en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Rosario, al occidente de Cuba; se procedió a realizar un estudio comparativo entre un hábitat conservado (El Salón; ES) y uno antropizado (El Taburete; ET) y se encontraron en total 27 especies de forófitos, 20 especies presentes en ET (98 forófitos) y 16 especies en ES (76 forófitos). Por lo tanto se identificaron 22 géneros de orquídeas, 26 especies y 8 326 plantas. En ES fueron 15 géneros, 18 especies y 3 251 plantas, en ET, 17 géneros, 18 especies y 5 075 plantas. Oeceoclades maculata, una especie invasora, fue la más abundante. Ambas localidades tienen una similaridad de especies de 57.14%. Las especies más dominantes fueron: Microchilus plantagineus en ES y O. maculata en ET. La dominancia en ES es de 69.27% y en ET de 81.79%. Es importante elaborar planes de manejo enfocados a controlar O. maculata en ambas áreas, y en restablecer el estrato arbóreo original de la zona antropizada.